Not a snowball's chance in hell of that. Autotrace algorithms would be lucky to trace a 600 DPI solid black square on a white background correctly; to say nothing of something infinitely more complex such as anything that could be considered artwork.
According to the person that posted that scan at MAMEWorld ("mrclean"), that is supposed to be a 300 DPI scan. The image that you get by downloading the attachment is 300 DPI but has be resized to a low resolution. "Mrclean" has linked to full raw scans before over on BYOAC, so you might want to contact him to get the original unresized Pooyan CPO scan.
Here is a post he made less than a month ago linking to a 148 MB .ZIP file containing raw 300 DPI Galaga 3 artwork scans.